INTRODUCTION:

“Birth is not only about making babies. Birth is about making mothers strong, competent, capable mothers who trust themselves and know their inner strength.”

- Barbara Katz Rothman.

The union of single egg and sperm, it is called as conception and it marks the beginning of pregnancy. The sequential process of conception includes gamete formation, ovulation, fertilization and implantation in the uterus.¹

During pregnancy there is a progressive anatomical and physiological changes, these occurs gradually and are not confined to the reproductive organs alone but eventually effect all the organ systems of woman’s body.²

At around 6th week of pregnancy, due to the physiological changes of pregnancy the ureters begin to dilate. This is also known as “hydronephrosis of pregnancy”, which peaks at22-26 weeks and continues to persist until delivery³. Both progesterone and estrogens levels increase during pregnancy and these will lead to decreased ureteral and bladder tone. As the uterus grows, because of its increased weight can block the drainage of urine from the bladder causing a stagnation of urine later causes infection.⁴

The stagnation or stagnated urine is an excellent medium for the growth of the micro- organisms, in addition the urine of pregnant women contains more nutrients including glucose, thereby increasing the pH (making the urine more alkaline). This makes the pregnant woman more susceptible to urinary tract infection. Urinary tract infection is caused by the pathogenic micro-organisms in theurinarytract.⁵ Escherichia coli are the most common pathogen causing a urinary tract infection.

Material and Methods:

Research approach:

For this study we adopted Quantitative research approach.

Research design:

The research design adopted for the study was one group pre test, post test research design.

HYPOTHESIS:

H1: There is a significant difference between pre-test and post-test levels of knowledge regarding Urinary tract infection and its prevention among antenatal mothers.

H2: There is a significant association between knowledge of antenatal mothers with their selected socio-demographic variables.

H01: There is a no significant difference between pre-test and post-test levels knowledge regarding Urinary tract infection and its prevention among antenatal mothers.

H02: There is a no significant association between knowledge of antenatal mothers with their selected socio-demographic variables.

Descriptionof Variables:

· Independent variable:- Information regarding Urinary tract infection and its prevention.

· Dependent variables: Knowledge regarding Urinary tract infection and its prevention

Duration of the study: 15days

Sample:

The sample selected for the present study was the Antenatal mothers undergoing treatment in OPD basis fulfilling the inclusion criteria.

Inclusion criteria:

The study includes, antenatal mothers:

· Who are willing to participate in the study

· Who can speak and understand Telugu and English languages.

· Who are in the age group between19-38 years.

Exclusion criteria:

· Patient with visual and auditory impairment.

· Patient who are not willing to participate in the study.

Sample size: 60 patients

Sampling method:

Purposive sampling technique was used to select the sample of the Antenatal mothers undergoing treatment in OPD basis in Apollo DRDO Hospital.

Settings of the study:

The setting chosen for conducting the present study is Apollo DRDO Hospital. The setting for the study was chosen as per the convenience, feasibility, interest and curiosity of the investigator.

DEVELOPMENTOFTHETOOL:

The information knowledge questionnaire has two sections.

Section A:

Deals with socio demographic data of antenatal mothers, such as age, religion, place of residence, educational status, occupational status, gestational age, family income per month and source of information regarding Urinary tract infection and its prevention.

Section B:

Deals with questions on knowledge regarding Urinary tract infection and its prevention. Total questions -15Total marks-15

Levels of knowledge:

· Inadequate knowledge:0-33%

· Moderate knowledge:33.4-66.6%

· Adequate knowledge:66.7%-100%

Ethical considerations:

Permission taken from Nursing head prior to data collection and Ethical Clearance was obtained fromApollo Hospitals Jubilee hills Hyderabad. IEC Application No.AHD

-ACD-017/08-23

Data collection method:

The proper permission was obtained from DMS, Nursing head of Apollo DRDO Hospital and Ethical clearance NO (AHD -ACD -017/08-23) from Apollo Hospital jubilee hills Hyderabad. The informed knowledge questionnaire was developed after doing extensive literature reviews from primary and secondary sources of data. The expert’s suggestions was incorporated and the research tool. The knowledge was assessed with the questionnaire by informed interview method. Formal consent was obtained from antenatal mothers and confidentiality of the responses was assured. A brief introduction was given about researcher and the study will be explained. The investigator was collected data from the sample with help of tool and interview technique, pretest was conducted among the antenatal mothers ,it was for 30 minutes for each individual to complete interview schedule, after the interview, the investigator was conducted information regarding urinary tract infections among antenatal mothers, after the one week of gap the investigator was conducted post-test with same tool. The tool was translated to Telugu and Hindi and was validated by experts for content and translation.

RESULTS:

Data was analyzed by using Descriptive statistics and Inferential statistics The analyzed data is organized under following sections:

SECTION I: Frequency and percentage distribution of subjects according to the demographic variables.

Demographics	Frequency	Percentage
1) Gravida of the mother
a. Primi gravida	34	56.66%
b. Multi gravida	26	43.34%
TOTAL	60	100
2) AGEINYEARS
a. 19-22	13	21.6%
b. 23-26	20	33.3%
c. 27-30	21	35.1%
d. 30 and above	06	10.0%
TOTAL	60	100
3) Place of residence
a. Urban area	12	20.00
b. Rural area	48	80.00
TOTAL	60	100
4) Education
a.Illiterate	12	20.00
b. 5^thclass .	20	33.33
c. 10^thclass	13	21.66
d.Inter	09	15.00
e.Degree	06	10.00
TOTAL	60	100
5)Occupation
a.Employed	00	0
b. Unemployed	60	100%
TOTAL	60	100
6)Family income
a.5000 and below	02	3.33%
b.5001-7500	16	26.6%
c.7501-10000	28	46.66%
d. 10,000 above	14	23.33%
TOTAL	60	100
7)History of the medical illness
a. Yes	45	75.00
b. No	15	20.00
TOTAL	60	100

· Distribution of the antenatal mother according to Gravida among 60, majority of them 34 (54.6%) were primi mothers, and 26(43.34%) were multi mothers.

· Age in years, majority of them 21(35.1%) were in the age group between 27-30 years, 20 (33.3%) were in the age group between 23-26years, 13(21.6%) were in the age group between 19-22 years, 06 (10%) were above 30 years.

· Residence of the antenatal mothers, majority of them 48(80%), were the rural area, 12 (20%) were the urban area.

· Education, majority of them 20(33.3%) were passed 5^th class, 13(21.6%) were passed the 10^th class, 12(20.0%) were the illiterate,and09(15%) were the intermediate and6(10%)were the degree.

· Occupation were the unemployed mothers 60(100%) and then ill were the employed mothers.

· Family income majority of them 28(46.6%) were earning 7501-10000,16(26.6%) were earning 5001-7500, and 14(23.33%) were earning above 10000and 2(3.33%) were earning below 5000 per month.

· Medical illness majority 45(75.00%) were having illness, 15(25.00%)were not having the illness.

SECTION II:

Pre and Posttest levels of knowledge scores of antenatal mothers regarding urinary tract infection.

Knowledge	percentage	Pretest Scores		Posttest Scores
Knowledge	percentage	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percentage
Inadequate	0-33%	41	68.33	NIL	0
Moderate	33.4-66.6%	19	31.66	24	40.00
Adequate	66.7-100%	nill	nill	36	60.00

The above table shows that in Pretest 41(68.33%) had inadequate knowledge, 19(31.66%) had moderate knowledge, and (NILL) had adequate knowledge. In the Posttest (NILL) in inadequate and 24(40.00%) had moderate knowledge and 36(60%) had adequate knowledge on urinary tract infection.

Figure 1: Pre and Posttest level of knowledge scores of antenatal mothers regarding the urinary tract infection and its prevention.

Table No 3: The above table shows that the pre-test mean knowledge score is 11.23 and standard deviation is 2.30 whereas post-test mean score is 22.8 and standard deviation is 2.50 and the mean difference is 11.61, the paired ‘t’ test calculated value is 41.26, which is greater than table value of 3.37 with df value of 69 at (p<0.001) level. It proves that there is a significant difference between pre test and post test knowledge levels of antenatal mothers it indicates that structured teaching programme was highly effective in improving in levels of knowledge.

SECTION – IV THIS SECTION DEALS WITH THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE KNOWLEDGE SCORES WITH THEIR SELECTED SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES.

Association Between the Knowledge scores and Selected Socio demographic Variables

Sl.no	Socio demographic variables	Df	Calculated x2 value	x2 table value	Significance
1	Age in years	4	5.3	9.49	NS
2	Place of residence	6	0.1	12.5	NS
3	Occupation	2	0.09	5.99	NS
4	Medical illness	2	11.0	5.99	S
5	Family income	6	24.8	12.59	S
6	Education	2	13.0	5.99	S
7	Gravida of mother	2	6.9	5.99	S

Df=(c-1)(r-1) ; NS: Not significant(p<0.05)

Df = (c-1)(r-1) ; S:significant(p< 0.05)

The above table shows that there is no significant association between knowledge scores and selected socio demographic variable such as age in years, place of residence, religion, occupational status ,history of source of information obtained regarding urinary tract infection its prevention ,as the chi square calculated value is less than the table value at P value <0.05 level .There is significant association between knowledge scores and selected socio demographic variables such as medical illness, family income, education ,gravid of the mother.

DISCUSSION:

The present study revealed that the pre-test mean knowledge score was 11.23 and standard deviation (SD)IS 2.30 whereas the post –test mean knowledge score was 22.8 and standard deviation is 2.50 .the calculated paired ‘t’ test calculated value is 41.26, which is greater than table value of 3.37 at (p<0.001)level of significance. the study shows that demographic variables such as age in years, place of residence, religion, occupational status, history of source, there is no significant association between post-test knowledge scores and demographic variables such as medical illness ,family income, education, gravid of the mother as significant association between post-test knowledge score. The study shows that maximum participants 36(60.00%) were having adequate knowledge after the information. The study has shown that the information was effective in increasing the knowledge regarding the urinary tract infection and its prevention.

The result was in agreement with the study conducted by Alphonsa Pascal, Anitta Mariam Mathew et al, (2019) on the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding prevention of urinary tract infection among Antenatal mothers in selected hospitals at Kollam district.” A quantitative research design was adopted for this study. This study was based on one group pre- test –post -test research design which belongs to pre experimental design. The study was conducted among 60 pregnant mothers selected hospitals of, Kollam district. The study sample was selected by simple random sampling technique. The tool used for data collection consisted of demographic and structured questionnaire. The analysis done by using quantitative and inferential statistics. The Mean, Standard deviation, t’ value of pretest and posttest knowledge regarding prevention of urinary tract infection when t(59) = 2.00, significant at 0.05 level shows that the mean posttest score (14.35) is greater than mean pretest score (9.28). The t value is greater than the table value (2.00) that is the structured teaching programme was effective. Hence the null hypothesis was rejected and the research hypothesis was accepted. The findings of the study showed that structured teaching programme was effective to increasing the knowledge regarding prevention of urinary tract infection among Antenatal mothers. The result of the present study clearly shows that after Information the antenatal mothers had improved knowledge on urinary tract infection. The calculated ‘t’ test value 41.26 is more than table value 3.37 at 0.05 level of significance.

CONCLUSION:

UTI is a common bacterial infection. UTI in pregnancy is associated with significant morbidity for both mother and baby. So, the major role is educating pregnant women regarding UTI to prevent from health problems, drinking plenty of fluids, avoiding skin allergens, tight clothing and bubble baths and to ensure personal hygiene. Our study was limited to the women attending the Gynaec OPD of DRDO Apollo Hospital, Hyderabad. It would be beneficial if we extend this study to all women attending all the antenatal clinics .this would help us to understand the gravity of the problem .By this study concluded that majority of the patients had adequate knowledge regarding the urinary tract infection and prevention after conducting the information.

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Received on 09.01.2024 Modified on 31.01.2024

Int. J. Nur. Edu. and Research. 2024; 12(2):90-94.

DOI: 10.52711/2454-2660.2024.00019

Levels of knowledge	Mean	Standard deviation	Mean difference	Paired “t” test calculated value	“t”table value	Significance
PRETEST	11.23	2.30	11.61	41.26	3.37	S****
POSTTEST	22.84	2.50	11.61	41.26	3.37	S****